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| 2/2020 Artykuł oryginalny Nina Ogińska-Bulik 1 , Magdalena Kobylarczyk 1
Adv Psychiatry Neurol 2020; 29 (2): 99-107 Data publikacji online: 2020/07/03 Plik artykułu: - PPIN_2_2020_3_Oginska.pdf[0.29 MB] ENWEndNoteBIBJabRef, MendeleyRISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA APA Chicago Harvard MLA Vancouver INTRODUCTIONNegative and positive consequences of human immunodeficiency virus infection Through the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), infection with the human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) can have serious, even fatal, consequences on human health. A diagnosis of being HIV-positive generally arouses strong anxiety, depression, helplessness and guilt. More than half of the respondents surveyed in an earlier study indicated that they considered the diagnosis of HIV to be the most stressful event that they had ever experienced [1]. Life-threatening medical illness possesses all of the hallmarks of a potentially posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inducing event, but differs in important ways from external past traumatic events. Unlike the typical traumatic events such as combat, sexual assault or earthquake that have long been known to induce PTSD symptoms, however, medical traumas are rarely discrete events with a defined endpoint. Once an external event has concluded, the physical threat has usually subsided. In contrast, traumatic life-threatening illness is often the acute manifestation of a permanently disrupted physiological system whose consequences may last for years and place an ongoing threat squarely in the body of the survivor [2]. The role of rumination and coping strategies in the occurrence of positive consequences of experienced traumaAmong the determinants of the positive changes, an important role is attributed to cognitive engagement, including the ability to process information related to the experienced event and used coping strategies [8, 9, 18-20]. Rumination directly related to the experienced event plays a key role in the cognitive processing of trauma. METHODSThe study included 120 HIV-infected subjects. A significant percentage of respondents (39.2%) refused to participate, which in turn limited the study group to 73 people. The final analysis included 64 people (25 women – 39.1%; 39 men – 60.9%), who indicated that they had found the diagnosis of HIV infection to be a traumatic event, and they completed all submitted questionnaires. The respondents were aged 20 to 58 years (M = 38.2, SD = 9.16). RESULTSThe obtained data provided an insight into the degree of PTG, the type of rumination and coping strategies experienced by the subjects, and allowed us to determine whether a direct or indirect relationship exists between PTG and rumination about the negative event and the use of coping strategies. The influence of sociodemographic variables (sex, age and the time elapsed following diagnosis of HIV infection) on the level of post-traumatic positive changes was monitored. The variables were normally distributed, therefore parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Relationship between rumination, coping strategies and posttraumatic growthTo determine how rumination affected PTG, structural modelling (according Amos) was used. This is a statistical methodology that takes a confirmatory approach to the analysis of a structural theory bearing on some phenomenon. The exogenous variable was PTG, while the endogenous variables were two types of rumination and coping strategies. DISCUSSIONThe PTG value obtained by the respondents living with HIV did not differ from those found in various clini¬cal groups in the standardization studies [41]. The mean of PTG score was also similar to that obtained by Nightingale et al. [15] on HIV-infected subjects (M = 61.1, SD = 28.5). In the group of HIV+ subjects, fewer than 1/3 of respondents experienced a high level of growth following trauma (29.7%). Study limitationsThe study does have certain limitations. The analysed results were obtained from a relatively small number of people: many respondents refused to participate in the study. The used tools are self-reporting, which can be influenced by social approval. Also, it is unknown whether the subjects had experienced other traumatic events in addition to the diagnosis of HIV infection, which could affect the results. Finally, the study is of a cross-sectional nature, which does not allow unequivocal cause-effect relationships to be identified. CONCLUSIONSDespite the limitations, the presented results add knowledge regarding the scope of the relationship between rumination over an experienced event, the choice of coping strategy and the consequences of experienced trauma. They highlight the complex roles played by cognitive activity and behaviour in the presence of positive post-traumatic changes. There is, hence, a clear need for further research in this area, which would consider both forms of rumination, occurring immediately after the event and later (current rumination). It should also examine the other form of cognitive activity, for example, any changes to the basic assumptions of the world. Another important issue is to consider the emotional processing accompanying the cognitive processing. Conflict of interestAbsent. Financial supportAbsent. References1.Theuninck AC, Lake N, Gibson S. 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Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych; 2009 [in Polish]. 45. Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (second edition). New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2003. 46. Tedeschi RG, Shakespeare-Finch J, Taku K, Calhoun LG (eds.). Posttraumatic Growth. Theory, Research, and Applications. New York: Routledge; 2018. 47. Schweitzer A, Mizwa MB, Ross MW. Psychosocial aspects of HIV/AIDS: adults. In: Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative and Baylor College of Medicine (eds.). HIV Curriculum for the Health Professional. Baylor College of Medicine; 2010, p. 334-349. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). License allowing third parties to download and share its works but not commercially purposes or to create derivative works. |
Pełny tekst: Positive effects of trauma among people living with human immunodeficiency virus – the role of rumination and coping strategies, Nina Ogińska-Bulik (2024)
Table of Contents
Nina Ogińska-Bulik 1 , Magdalena Kobylarczyk 1
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
Conflict of interest
Financial support
References
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